Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome. essays

Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome. papers Would you be able to envision making arrangements for probably the most joyful days of your life, and afterward having the entirety of that adjustment in a split second? Envision discovering that your unborn youngster will be brought into the world with an intense inherent heart imperfection. I am going to converse with you about an inherent heart deformity known as Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome. I got intrigued by hypoplastic left heart condition in the wake of discovering that my nephew would be brought into the world with this deformity. I accept that it is critical to think about HLHS in light of the fact that it is a disorder that isn't notable, however that can influence the entirety of our youngsters. In the following couple of moments I will talk you about the determination, qualities and accessible treatment choices for HLHS. HLHS is portrayed by the Mayo Clinic as an anomaly in which the left half of your kid's heart (left ventricle, aorta, and both the aortic and mitral valves) are seriously immature. HLHS is a heart condition present during childbirth, it influences the ordinary blood course through the heart. As per New York Presbyterian Hospital HLHS is the most widely recognized genuine heart absconds in infants. It is accepted to make up 8% of all instances of heart absconds present during childbirth and is probably going to show up somewhat more as often as possible in young men than young ladies. Preceding birth HLHS can be found during a ultrasound during the second trimester of pregnancy. Specialists can likewise utilize a fetal echocardiogram to show signs of improvement thought with respect to how extreme the deformity is. After birth if an imperfection is suspected specialists will utilize an echocardiogram to analyze HLHS. In babies conceived without HLHS the correct side of the heart siphons oxygen poor blood from the heart to the lungs, and the left side supplies the remainder of the body with oxygen rich blood. In babies brought into the world with HLHS, the left half of the heart can't work appropriately accordingly not providing the blood like it should this absence of providing blood accurately can leave HLHS babies with a pale blue shading of the lips, and blade... <!

HD diagnosis and treatment essays

Promotion/HD analysis and treatment papers Consideration DeficitHyperactivity Disorder Consideration shortage/hyperactivity issue (AD/HD) is a finding, which has expanded significantly in the course of the most recent couple of years. This issue has both a clinical and passionate side to it making conversation of the subject now and again troublesome. There are numerous youngsters who appear to be wild both at home and in the homeroom. This has instructors and guardians clamoring to have these youngsters put taking drugs. There are numerous specialists who feel that this issue is over analyzed. They feel that youngsters are being set unnecessarily on mind-changing drug. There are numerous things that may impersonate AD/HD. One of the most well-known is learning incapacities. This is one of the most significant things to preclude while thinking about AD/HD. In the event that a youngster experiences issues learning he will get exhausted, and won't be mindful or helpful. Nonetheless, having a learning inability doesn't imply that the kid wouldnt additionally have AD/HD. It is assessed that up to 40 percent of kids with AD/HD likewise have some other learning disability(Lerner 2). Formal testing for learning inabilities is urgent to ensure it isn't assuming probably some job if not the whole job in the childs evident impassivity and carelessness . Another thing that may copy the manifestations of AD/HD is hearing or visual debilitation. Anything that is hampering the childs capacity to learn is going to bring about diminished consideration in the homeroom. Noteworthy hearing hindrance may, shockingly go unnoticed for a considerable length of time. In th is way, the typical hearing screen acted in the preschool years ought to be finished. Vision issues likewise can go unnoticed so a dream screen ought to be done at the specialists office or at school. In 1917 and 1928 it was accepted that cerebrum harm was the reason for AD/HD. Terms like Minimal Brain Damage were utilized to portray youngsters showing an example of publicity... <!

Once-A-Month Naltrexone Injection Effective

Once-A-Month Naltrexone Injection Effective Addiction Coping and Recovery Overcoming Addiction Print Once-A-Month Naltrexone Injection Effective Improves Long-Term Treatment Outcomes By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on November 05, 2015 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on April 29, 2016 Vivitrol. Alkermes More in Addiction Coping and Recovery Overcoming Addiction Methods and Support Personal Stories Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use The medication naltrexone has become one of the most effective pharmaceutical treatments for alcoholism because it works to reduce the chemical effects that alcohol has on the brain. One of only three medications approved for the treatment of alcohol dependence, naltrexone has been used for years to help people who have already stopped drinking to avoid relapse. Naltrexone has also been effective in treating people who have become addicted to prescription opioids, heroin and is being researched in cocaine use disorders. It does so by blocking the effect that opioids have on the pleasure centers of the brain. Naltrexone in lower doses is also used to treat pain caused by conditions like fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome. The Problems With a Daily Pill For the treatment of alcohol use disorders, naltrexone was originally prescribed as a daily pill usually taken about 12 weeks, and naltrexone in pill form - marketed as Revia and Depade - is still widely used. However, there is a inherent problem with the pill form of naltrexone - for it to work, the people who it is designed to help must actually take the drug every day. For those struggling with the effects of alcohol withdrawal and alcohol use disorders, compliance with taking a daily dose can be problematic. Long-Acting, Once-a-Month Injection This problem was addressed when researchers began to look at a new form of naltrexone that could be injected once and be slowly released into the system for a month. One of those studies was conducted at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and involved 624 patients who were being treated for alcohol use disorders in hospitals, V.A. clinics and medical centers in the United States. All of the patients were actively drinking, but being treated for alcoholism. Reduction of Heavy Drinking Days The participants were injected with 380 mg. of long-acting naltrexone, 190 mg. of naltrexone, or given a placebo injection. The injections were given monthly and both groups received 12 low-intensity psychosocial intervention sessions. The study found that a 380 mg dose of naltrexone resulted in a 25% reduction of heavy drinking days, while a 190 mg dose reduced heavy drinking days 17%. The researchers determined that men responded to naltrexone treatment more than women and that those patients who came into the study with some abstinent time saw greater treatment effects. Some Side Effects, But Mild Of those taking the 380-mg dose, 14.1% dropped out of the treatment due to side-effects, including nausea, headache and fatigue. Only 6.7% of the group receiving 190 mg discontinued treatment due to adverse side effects. The North Carolina study was one of the largest trials of subjects treated with a medication for alcohol dependence. The conclusions of the researchers were that long term release naltrexone was well tolerated and significantly reduced heavy drinking in actively drinking patients. Vivitrol Approved by the FDA The study also found that the long-acting form of naltrexone could improve treatment strategies for alcoholics by eliminating the medication compliance issue and providing a predictable pharmacologic foundation for treatment. This study and others were a factor in the U.S. Food and Drug Administration decision in April 2006 to approve the once-a-month naltrexone treatment - marketed as Vivitrol - for use as a treatment for alcohol dependence. Sources: Garbutt, JC, et al. A Randomized Controlled Trial Of Long-acting Injectable Naltrexone for Alcohol Dependence. Journal of the American Medical Association April 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine. Naltrexone Injection Drugs, Herbs and Supplements. November 2010

Tow Main Steps in Analysing Qualitative Data - 538 Words

Following the two main steps in analysing qualitative data, it is important translate qualitative information into meaningful results. Miles and Huberman (1994) argued that mass of data has to be reconfigured to show data reduction for simpler interpretation (Miles Huberman, 1994). Data reduction is the first step in performing qualitative data analysis. The process of data reduction involves simplifying and transforming data for handling and management. Large data could bring enormous amount of information that makes it impracticable to assess. By transforming gathered information into usable forms, voluminous portions of the work will be translated to intelligible manuscript that helps in the generation of plausible sources of information for generalisation. With the application of deductive and inductive analysis, analysts interpret data on the basis of selection and emphasis. This will eventually lead to further data tests until data are substantially shaped up and reconfigured . It has to be noted that qualitative data has something to do with personal observations and recorded data in words and phrases. Efforts at analysing data refer directly to the research questions, the use of generated information, and the specific resources used in the process. After data are reduced, these data are now displayed and may be symbolised by a diagram or word format, or a diagram. Such information contained as data display purposely tries to communicate engaging meaning forShow MoreRelatedWhy Measure And Evaluate Communications Campaigns?1979 Words   |  8 Pageslife circle of the PR event. In this article, in order to prove the importance PR measurement and evaluation, the reason why it should be evaluated will be discussed firstly, and then several useful PR evaluation tools will be mentioned, finally one/ tow simple case studies will be mentioned to illustrate the importance of evaluation by those practical tools. 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Abolition Essay - 870 Words

Abolition A Stronger Resistance The abolitionist movement in the United States sought to eradicate slavery using a wide range of tactics and organizations. The antislavery movement mobilized many African Americans and some whites who sought to end the institution of slavery. Although both black and white abolitionists often worked together, the relationship between them was intricate. The struggle for black abolitionists was much more personal because they wanted to end slavery and also wanted to gain equal rights for blacks. However, many white abolitionists only sought to end slavery and did not fight for equality for blacks. From these exceedingly contrasting perspectives and the continuation of slavery, the sentiment of many†¦show more content†¦More militant tactics, such as uprising and revolts, were gaining support in the nineteenth century. Nat Turner was a black abolitionist that supported the use of aggressive and forceful tactics. In 1831, in Virginia, he led an insurrectio n and more than 55 white people were killed. It was very bloody and violent and angered many whites from its brutality (Nash, 275). Yet, many blacks felt that the only thing that would get a response was an uprising and taking drastic measures. In Christiana, Pennsylvania, the Fugitive Slave Laws were passed. These laws stated that whites could recapture their runaway slaves. Blacks were outraged by the passing of these laws and rioted in response to this (Roots of Resistance). This demonstrated how blacks would react in manners that were more forceful and these tactics were used by a number of other abolitionists, however, many still used different approaches to battling slavery. Many abolitionists used writing to end slavery. In 1827, the first black newspaper, Freedom’s Journal, was created by Samuel Cornish and John Russwurm (Notes, 11/29/00). This paper spread ideas of freedom and equality and gave hope to the black readers. David Walker, the son of a free black mother a nd a slave father, pushed the abolitionist movement into militancy in 1829 when he published David Walker’s Appeal. His work inspired blacks to organize and urged slaves to rise up against their masters and take their freedom by force (Notes, 11/27/00).Show MoreRelatedThe Abolition Movement1079 Words   |  4 Pages Abolition Movement From the 1830s until 1870, the abolitionist movement attempted to achieve immediate emancipation of all slaves and the ending of racial segregation and discrimination. Their idea of these goals distinguished abolitionists from the broad-based political opposition to slavery’s westward expansion that started in the North after 1840 and raised issues leading to the Civil War. 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What Does Nursing Mean To Me Free Essays

It is important to me that nursing is identified as an honorable and essential profession. I believe that nursing is a status that reflects the two equally important parts of nursing knowledge: Empirical knowledge and Esthetical knowledge. â€Å"It is the artful nurse’s interactions that can bridge the gap introduced by technology and science, thereby creating integrity and engagement rather than detachment in the personal encounter† (Johnson, 1994). We will write a custom essay sample on What Does Nursing Mean To Me? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Even when I am not at work, I sub-consciously carry that status with me all the time; and am ready to demonstrate it. For example, at a family gathering, if someone asks me a health-related question, I not only provide the scientific answer and explanation in simple language, but will also give him or her health teaching related to that question in a caring, compassionate way. I can relate carrying this status with me just like how celebrities carry the glamorous status with them all the time and, how they are always ready to face the camera. Therefore, for me, nursing is a status that can only be maintained by the right combination of science and art. It is important to me that nursing is identified as an honorable and essential profession. I believe that nursing is a status that reflects the two equally important parts of nursing knowledge: Empirical knowledge and Esthetical knowledge. â€Å"It is the artful nurse’s interactions that can bridge the gap introduced by technology and science, thereby creating integrity and engagement rather than detachment in the personal encounter† (Johnson, 1994). Even when I am not at work, I sub-consciously carry that status with me all the time; and am ready to demonstrate it. For example, at a family gathering, if someone asks me a health-related question, I not only provide the scientific answer and explanation in simple language, but will also give him or her health teaching related to that question in a caring, compassionate way. I can relate carrying this status with me just like how celebrities carry the glamorous status with them all the time and, how they are always ready to face the camera. Therefore, for me, nursing is a status that can only be maintained by the right combination of science and art. How to cite What Does Nursing Mean To Me?, Papers

Difference Between Inequality and Poverty

Question: What is the difference between inequality and poverty? Answer: Introduction: The term inequality and poverty originated from all contemporaneous societies. They are quite visible and blatant in some societies than others. The association between poverty and inequality is not clear and distinct. Poverty and inequality are considered to be analytical concepts. The interdependence of poverty and inequality occurs up to a certain point, beyond which it is not relevant enough to say that they reckon on each other. In fact, poverty and inequality vary independently of each other. It becomes difficult to define the relationship between poverty and inequality as it is not clear as to which concept of poverty and which dimension of inequality one has in mind. We can say that poverty and inequality does not change at the same pace and degree, it may even change paradoxically. To analyze and understand the relationship as well as the disparity between poverty and inequality, it is necessary to apprehend the definition and key issues related to inequality and poverty. (B eteille, 2003) Poverty and inequality: The extent of poverty and inequality remains a topic of abiding interest in the entire world. Amartya Sen, Nobel Prize winner in the field of Economics, defined poverty as the lack of affirm freedoms which include the capabilities to select a life when one has a reason to appraise and value. He also described that a mere low level of income does not signify an individual to be poor it is the concept of deprivation of basic capabilities that identify someone to be poor. In other words, poverty can be defined as the scarcity and deficiency of material possession or lack of monetary resources. The definition of poverty is multifaceted as it includes social, economical, political aspects. Poverty has varying categories. It can be persistent or transitory, absolute or relative and so on. Most of the time, poverty is correlated with the concept of inequality. Poverty can also be seen as a dynamic concept which adapts and adjusts to changes in the consumption pattern, social advancement and technological amelioration. (Defining Poverty, 2015) Now taking about the two prevailing types of poverty, the absolute poverty is a concept that is more related to deprivation of basic human needs which ordinarily include food, water, sanitation, clothing, shelter, health care and education. The other type which is relative poverty is described circumstantially as economic inequality within the society in which people reside. According to the definition provided by the World Bank, Poverty is an evident deprivation in the well-being of people. Poverty is identified as low levels of income, inability to access the basic goods and services that are required to lead a dignified life. Poverty also encircles low levels of health care and educational attainment, no proper access to clean water and sanitation, meager physical security and lack of sufficient and favorable circumstances to improve ones life. An evaluation of the data from the World Health Organization has revealed that every day around 40,000 people die which is 15 million per year because they do not have access to the basic necessities of life such as food, clothing, water, shelter and health care facilities. The official poverty rate is recorded to have increased from 12.5 per cent in 2007 to 15 per cent in 2012. The causes behind the evolution of poverty are diverse. Some causes can be eliminated by proper implementation of measures and eradication programs. Considering the less developed economies and the developing economies the elimination of the causes of poverty still remains a dilemma. The popular causes of poverty include altering trends in the economy of a country, lack of education, high rate of divorce which can lead to feminization of poverty, overpopulation, and spread of an epidemic disease like AIDS or tuberculosis. Environmental problems like lack of rainfall, extreme weather conditions that cause conditions of drought or flooding can result in poverty. The primary causes of poverty include lack of money. Poverty prevails in an economic system where the unemployment rate is high or labors are working with low wages in order to draw sufficient investment in the country. Lack of access and control to local resources, prevalence of corruption, lack of democracy in the country, mo st people are deprived of the potential benefits of the success in an economy, no proper law and order, limited property rights and preventing businesses to retain most of their profits, all these are the causes of poverty. We have already discussed that poverty and inequality are linked but havent clarified the rationale of inequality. Inequality is a destructive phenomenon and has been pronounced as a burgeoning social problem. Economic inequality is described as the extent of distribution of certain economic metrics among individuals within a group or among groups within the population. Economist identifies three metrics signifying economic disparity. They are wealth inequality, income inequality and consumption inequality. Intense inequality can be detrimental to the economic as income inequality and concentration of wealth can impede long term growth. A senior scholar associated with the Luxembourg Income Survey, Branko Milanovic had undertaken a meticulous research based on the global income inequality. His research inferred that inequality within the nations was increasing. The emergence of middle class families in China and India seemed to slightly decline the worldwide inequality. Also the income levels of typical families in the United States along with other rich nations seemed to stagnate and even tend to decrease. A new Millennium Development goal (Un.org, 2015) recognizes and adapts measures to reduce inequality is unlikely to move ahead positively. Over the decades the inequality seemed to rise sharply which are depicted by the income of the worlds top 1.75% of earners surpassed those of the bottom 77%.(MAKWANA, 2013) There are many causes of inequality that are determined within the societies. They are labor market outcomes which are responsible for wage disparities of the working class, policy reforms, regressive nature of taxation, different levels of discrimination, nepotism. Globalization is another important factor that causes inequality by suppressing the wage in the low skilled labor surplus countries, providing investment proposition for the rich nations etc. (Inequality.org, 2015) Analysis of scholarly articles: The Stanford Center on Poverty and Inequality had prepared The Poverty and Inequality Report, 2014 which focused on seven key realms that globally assessed the existence of the problem of poverty and inequality and coordinated endeavor to reduce poverty and democratize opportunities. Analyzing this report we can reveal that after the Great Recession ended, there wasnt substantial generation of jobs. This implies that people are left unemployed and no income which gave rise to inequality. In November 2013, the proportion of all 25-54 year olds who possess job was around five percent lower than it was recorded in December 2007. Taking the poverty picture, the report reveals that poverty rates had increased from 12.5 percent in 2007 to 15 percent in 2012. Income inequality and consumption inequality had also increased during the year 2009. There had been decline in the health outcomes that reflected a decrease in the poverty rates. For the first time, the wealth inequality had seen a ri se since the early 1980s. The Gini Coefficient for 2010 was recorded to be higher than any level in the near three decades. The wage disparity has also caused an inequality in the educational sector. (The Poverty and Inequality Report 2014, 2014) The paper on Growth, Inequality And Poverty Reduction In Developing Countries: Recent Global Evidence by Augustin Kwasi FOSU published by OECD Development Centre (FOSU, 2015) has focused on the developing countries regarding the growth, income inequality and poverty reduction. We have always seen that poverty and income inequality are interdependent that is we can formulate that as whenever there is income inequality or wealth inequality, there comes in poverty within the economy. This implies that the existence of inequality in an economy gives rise to poverty. But it not always the case as the direction of occurrence of poverty and inequality can be opposite. This paper tells us that in China poverty reduction had taken a substantial place which occurred in the absence of increasing income inequality along with economic growth. Again the article analyzed the dual situation in Botswana and Ghana, it was found that in Botswana income increased extremely but there was no slight reduct ion in poverty followed by growth. The moderate growth in Ghana has led to considerable reduction in poverty. These two different levels of income inequality between the above mentioned two countries revealed the disparity in the performance. Bolivia depicts an extreme case where its monthly income accentuated slightly from USD 175.1 (2005 PPP-adjusted) in 1990 to USD 203.5 in 2005 and the poverty rates in Bolivia at the USD1 standard accentuated from 4 percent to 19.6 percent for the same period ( a considerable increase had been witnessed in the Gini Coefficient from 0.42 to 0.58 during the same time period). (Fosu, n.d.) Thus, a positive correlation between the poverty and inequality is believed to be a myth and there lies several differences between the poverty and inequality which we will be discussing in the next section. (Fosu, 2010) Views with respect to difference between inequality and poverty: Poverty and inequality are most of the time are considered to be related but they are not. It is somewhat explained in the above analysis of the OECD article where we see that poverty gets reduced largely in countries who witnessed modest growth. Poverty in laymans language can be described a lack of monetary resources and basic goods and services associated with the monetary resources. On the other hand inequality is a phenomenon where some individuals are in a better off situation than others. Inequality is considered to be a relative term but poverty can be relative as well as absolute term. A revealing difference between the poverty and inequality is that poverty has a vulnerability measurement. This can be explained by an example. A person earning $100 a week has to incur an expenditure of $99. The saving of $1 implies him to be poor. But an unexpected expenditure of $2 may put him below the red line. Inequality doesnt measure such exposure. It is more concerned with the compari son of the standard of living of two sets of people. (Difference Between Inequality And Poverty, 2014) Since inequality is a relative issue, it cannot be estimated individually. On the other hand, poverty can be estimated on an individual basis. One can say that a person is living in poverty, but it will be irrational to say that the person is living in inequality. He may be said to be living in inequality if he is compared to another person with better life style and standard of living. Poverty is affected and influenced by inequality but the direction of impact from poverty to inequality can be described. Poverty can be considered to be a nuanced term and inequality is referred to as a fixed term. Economic disparity is described by inequality but one can refer someone to be sometimes poor, usually poor, always poor. Poverty is believed to describe different ways in which inequality can exist. This explains that poverty and inequality may not be related and occur hand in hand. The difference leads to the fact that poverty may exist even when inequality is absent. Conclusion: The study revealed a lot of understanding about the two concepts that affect the performance of the economy: poverty and inequality. The distinct definition of poverty is hard to formulate as the concept of poverty is multidimensional. Inequality on the other hand is more of a comparative issue. Inequality can be estimated when the standard of living of two individuals are compared. We have analyzed two research papers on inequality and poverty. Both established a relationship between poverty and inequality. But it is not always the case that both of them drive towards the same direction. As we have come across the fact that poverty can be reduced even when there is no inequality in the economy. We lastly tried to draw certain differences between the phenomena poverty and inequality. We can infer that poverty refers to more individualistic whereas inequality is more relative in nature. But it is important to note that poverty is driven by the existence of inequality. When inequality prevails in the economy, most of the time we experience acute poverty within the economy. References Beteille, A. (2003). Poverty and Inequality.Economic and Political Weekly, [online] Vol. 38,(No. 42). Available at: https://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/4414161?sid=21105425684901uid=2uid=60uid=3uid=3738256uid=2486607033 [Accessed 23 Feb. 2015]. Defining Poverty. (2015). 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: https://www.polity.co.uk/keyconcepts/samples/lister-chapter.pdf [Accessed 23 Feb. 2015]. Difference Between Inequality And Poverty. (2014). [image] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DrgivWJQHFw [Accessed 23 Feb. 2015]. Fosu, A. (2010). Inequality, Income, and Poverty: Comparative Global Evidence*.Social Science Quarterly, 91(5), pp.1432-1446. FOSU, A. (2015).GROWTH, INEQUALITY AND POVERTY REDUCTION IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: RECENT GLOBAL EVIDENCE. 1st ed. [ebook] OECD DEVELOPMENT CENTRE. Available at: https://www.oecd.org/dev/pgd/44773119.pdf [Accessed 23 Feb. 2015]. Fosu, A. (n.d.). Growth, Inequality, and Poverty Reduction in Developing Countries: Recent Global Evidence.SSRN Journal. Inequality.org, (2015).Global Inequality | Inequality.org. [online] Available at: https://inequality.org/global-inequality/ [Accessed 23 Feb. 2015]. MAKWANA, R. (2013).The Causes of Global Inequality CounterPunch: Tells the Facts, Names the Names. [online] Counterpunch.org. Available at: https://www.counterpunch.org/2013/03/25/the-causes-of-global-inequality/ [Accessed 23 Feb. 2015]. The Poverty and Inequality Report 2014. (2014). 1st ed. [ebook] The Stanford Center on Poverty and Inequality. Available at: https://web.stanford.edu/group/scspi/sotu/SOTU_2014_CPI.pdf [Accessed 23 Feb. 2015]. Un.org, (2015).United Nations Millennium Development Goals. [online] Available at: https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/ [Accessed 23 Feb. 2015].

How Scr Works Analysis Essay Example

How Scr Works Analysis Essay How an SCR works? -Principle of Operation SCR Working Principle The SCR is a four-layer, three-junction and a three-terminal device and is shown in fig. a. The end P-region is the anode, the end N-region is the cathode and the inner P-region is the gate. The anode to cathode is connected in series with the load circuit. Essentially the device is a switch. Ideally it remains off (voltage blocking state), or appears to have an infinite impedance until both the anode and gate terminals have suitable positive voltages with respect to the cathode terminal. The thyristor then switches on and current flows and continues to conduct without further gate signals. Ideally the thyristor has zero impedance in conduction state. For switching off or reverting to the blocking state, there must be no gate signal and the anode current must be reduced to zero. Current can flow only in one direction. In absence of external bias voltages, the majority carrier in each layer diffuses until there is a built-in voltage that retards further diffusion. Some majority carriers have enough energy to cross the barrier caused by the retarding electric field at each junction. These carriers then become minority carriers and can recombine with majority carriers. Minority carriers in each layer can be accelerated across each junction by the fixed field, but because of absence of external circuit in this case the sum of majority and minority carrier currents must be zero. A voltage bias, as shown in figure, and an external circuit to carry current allow internal currents which include the follow ¬ing terms: The current Ix is due to †¢Majority carriers (holes) crossing junction J1 †¢Minority carriers crossing junction J1 Holes injected at junction J2 diffusing through the N-region and crossing junc ¬tion J1 and †¢Minority carriers from junction J2 diffusing through the N-region and crossing junction J1. Similarly I2 is due to six terms and I3 is due to four terms. The two simple analogues to explain the basic action for the thyristor are those of the diode and the two transistor models. 1. 1. Diode Model. The thyristor is similar to three d iodes in series as there are three P-N junctions. Without gate bias, there is always at least ne reverse biased junction to prevent conduction irrespective of the polarity of an applied voltage between anode and cathode. If the anode is made positive and the gate is also biased positively with respect to cathode, the P-layer at the gate is flooded by the electrons from the cathode and loses its identity as a P-layer. Accordingly the thyristor becomes equivalent to a conducting diode. Scr working 1. 2. Two Transistor Model. Imagine the SCR cut along the dotted line, as shown in fig. a. Then we can have two devices, as shown in fig. b. We will write a custom essay sample on How Scr Works Analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on How Scr Works Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on How Scr Works Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer These two devices can be recognized as two transistors. The upper left one is P-N-P transistor and the lower right N-P-N type. Further it can be recognized that the base of the P-N-P transistor is joined to the collector of the N-P-N transistor while the collector of P-N-P is joined to the base of N-P-N transistor, as illustrated in fig. c. The gate terminal is brought out from the base of the N-P-N material. This construction has been conceived merely to explain the working of SCR, otherwise in physical shape the SCR has four solid layers of P-N-P-N type only. Now we can see that the two transistors are connected in such a manner that the collector of Q1 is connected to the base of Q2 i. e. the output collector current of Qt becomes the base current for Q2. In the similar way the collector of Q2 is joined to the base of Q1 which shows that the output collector current of Q2 is fed to Q1 as input base current. These are back to back connections of transistors in such a way that the output of one goes into as input of other transistor and vice-versa. This gives net gain of loop circuit as ? 1 x ? 2 where ? 1 and ? are current gains of two transistors respectively. When the gate current is zero or the gate terminal is open, the only current in circulation is the leakage current, which is very small in case of silicon device specially and the total current is a little higher than sum of individual leakage currents. Under these conditions P-N-P-N device is said to be in its forward blocking or high impedance ‘off state. As soon as a small amount of gate current is given to the base of transistor Q2 by applying forward bias to its base-emitter junction, it generates the collector current as ? times the base current. This collector current of Q2 is fed as input base current to Q: which is further multiplied by ? 1 times as ICl which forms input base current of Q2 and undergoes further amplification. In this way both transistors feedback each other and the collector current of each goes on multiplying. This process is very quick and soon both the transistors drive each other to saturation. Now the device is said to be in. on-state. The current through the on-state SCR is controlled by external impedance only. How Scr Works Analysis Essay Example How Scr Works Analysis Essay How an SCR works? -Principle of Operation SCR Working Principle The SCR is a four-layer, three-junction and a three-terminal device and is shown in fig. a. The end P-region is the anode, the end N-region is the cathode and the inner P-region is the gate. The anode to cathode is connected in series with the load circuit. Essentially the device is a switch. Ideally it remains off (voltage blocking state), or appears to have an infinite impedance until both the anode and gate terminals have suitable positive voltages with respect to the cathode terminal. The thyristor then switches on and current flows and continues to conduct without further gate signals. Ideally the thyristor has zero impedance in conduction state. For switching off or reverting to the blocking state, there must be no gate signal and the anode current must be reduced to zero. Current can flow only in one direction. In absence of external bias voltages, the majority carrier in each layer diffuses until there is a built-in voltage that retards further diffusion. Some majority carriers have enough energy to cross the barrier caused by the retarding electric field at each junction. These carriers then become minority carriers and can recombine with majority carriers. Minority carriers in each layer can be accelerated across each junction by the fixed field, but because of absence of external circuit in this case the sum of majority and minority carrier currents must be zero. A voltage bias, as shown in figure, and an external circuit to carry current allow internal currents which include the follow ¬ing terms: The current Ix is due to †¢Majority carriers (holes) crossing junction J1 †¢Minority carriers crossing junction J1 Holes injected at junction J2 diffusing through the N-region and crossing junc ¬tion J1 and †¢Minority carriers from junction J2 diffusing through the N-region and crossing junction J1. Similarly I2 is due to six terms and I3 is due to four terms. The two simple analogues to explain the basic action for the thyristor are those of the diode and the two transistor models. 1. 1. Diode Model. The thyristor is similar to three d iodes in series as there are three P-N junctions. Without gate bias, there is always at least ne reverse biased junction to prevent conduction irrespective of the polarity of an applied voltage between anode and cathode. If the anode is made positive and the gate is also biased positively with respect to cathode, the P-layer at the gate is flooded by the electrons from the cathode and loses its identity as a P-layer. Accordingly the thyristor becomes equivalent to a conducting diode. Scr working 1. 2. Two Transistor Model. Imagine the SCR cut along the dotted line, as shown in fig. a. Then we can have two devices, as shown in fig. b. We will write a custom essay sample on How Scr Works Analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on How Scr Works Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on How Scr Works Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer These two devices can be recognized as two transistors. The upper left one is P-N-P transistor and the lower right N-P-N type. Further it can be recognized that the base of the P-N-P transistor is joined to the collector of the N-P-N transistor while the collector of P-N-P is joined to the base of N-P-N transistor, as illustrated in fig. c. The gate terminal is brought out from the base of the N-P-N material. This construction has been conceived merely to explain the working of SCR, otherwise in physical shape the SCR has four solid layers of P-N-P-N type only. Now we can see that the two transistors are connected in such a manner that the collector of Q1 is connected to the base of Q2 i. e. the output collector current of Qt becomes the base current for Q2. In the similar way the collector of Q2 is joined to the base of Q1 which shows that the output collector current of Q2 is fed to Q1 as input base current. These are back to back connections of transistors in such a way that the output of one goes into as input of other transistor and vice-versa. This gives net gain of loop circuit as ? 1 x ? 2 where ? 1 and ? are current gains of two transistors respectively. When the gate current is zero or the gate terminal is open, the only current in circulation is the leakage current, which is very small in case of silicon device specially and the total current is a little higher than sum of individual leakage currents. Under these conditions P-N-P-N device is said to be in its forward blocking or high impedance ‘off state. As soon as a small amount of gate current is given to the base of transistor Q2 by applying forward bias to its base-emitter junction, it generates the collector current as ? times the base current. This collector current of Q2 is fed as input base current to Q: which is further multiplied by ? 1 times as ICl which forms input base current of Q2 and undergoes further amplification. In this way both transistors feedback each other and the collector current of each goes on multiplying. This process is very quick and soon both the transistors drive each other to saturation. Now the device is said to be in. on-state. The current through the on-state SCR is controlled by external impedance only.

Biography of Henrietta Muir Edwards

Biography of Henrietta Muir Edwards A legal expert, Henrietta Muir Edwards spent her long life advocating for the rights of women and children in Canada. Her accomplishments included opening, with her sister Amelia, the Working Girls Association, a forerunner of the YWCA. She helped found the National Council of Women of Canada and the Victorian Order of Nurses. She also published the first magazine for working women in Canada. She was 80 in 1929 when she and the other Famous Five women finally won the Persons Case which recognized the legal status of women as persons under the BNA Act, a milestone legal victory for Canadian women. Birth Dec. 18, 1849, in Montreal, Quebec Death Nov. 10, 1931, in Fort Macleod, Alberta Causes of Henrietta Muir Edwards Henrietta Muir Edwards supported many causes, especially those involving the legal and political rights of women in Canada. Some of the causes she promoted were temperanceraising the age of consentequal grounds for divorceequal parental rightsmothers allowancesreform of the prison system in Canada. The career of Henrietta Muir Edwards: In Montreal Henrietta Muir, with her sister Amelia, founded the Working Girls Association, a forerunner of the YWCA in 1875.She launched and edited Womens Work in Canada, the first Canadian magazine for working women.In 1883, Henrietta Muir Edwards moved with her husband and three children to Saskatchewan.She was involved with the Womans Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) from 1886.With Lady Aberdeen, the wife of the Governor General of Canada, Henrietta Muir Edwards started the National Council of Women in 1893. Henrietta Muir Edwards worked with the organization for more than 30 years.Again with Lady Aberdeen, Henrietta Muir Edwards helped found the Victorian Order of Nurses in 1897.Henrietta Muir Edwards and her family moved to Alberta in 1903.In 1908, Henrietta Muir Edwards compiled a summary of Canadian federal and provincial laws relating to women and children.She wrote handbooks on women and Canadian law - Legal Status of Women in Canada in 1917 and Legal Status of Women in Alb erta in 1921. Henrietta Muir Edwards was one of the Famous Five in the Persons Case which established the status of women as persons under the BNA Act in 1929. See Also: Emily MurphyNellie McClungLouise McKinneyIrene Parlby

Project Controls Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Project Controls - Essay Example This paper will therefore discuss issues on the changes likely to occur, quality evaluation, change control and appropriate communication of performance objectives. There are various changes that have not been planned for that may affect the project if not well catered for before project execution. These changes may be as a result of various problems that may occur during project implementation. They are mainly logistical as well as technical or operational problems. This paper has, however, identified three major problems that may create need for changes in planed process flows. First, the acquisition of the server’s license meant for the San Jose facility may be faced by delay if the legal provisions are changed to include more requirements and say additional application fees. Secondly, since the acquisition of the servers and modules for the various upgrade components may depend on the global and local supply changes, delivery may be affected through extended lead times. Lastly, there is likelihood, even though to minimal levels, of compatibility problems with the existing hardware at the facilities where upgrades will be conducted and hence creating further delays or even project overhaul. The intended project has set a higher quality assurance measures that will ensure that its implementation will be a success in terms of costs and performance. With the work breakdown structure in place, every implementation stage will ensure that the best techniques of installation and the best available and relevant software and hardware components are utilized. Having looked at the various changes that may come up during project execution, this paper proposes a three step for change control. The first phase will involve the evaluation of how the change is likely to affect the project. Secondly, the project implementation team will draw a timeline of tackling

Children with disabilities using sign language Research Paper

Children with disabilities using sign language - Research Paper Example This way, such children will exhibit a delay in speech or receptive ability. Considering that, sign language uses manual communication and body language to convey a message, such visual and gestural characteristics serves to support the receptive and expressive language for children with disabilities (Simpson & Lynch, 2007). Additionally, the incorporation of visual and auditory aspects of sign language serves to make language more tangible for children with disabilities, thus enhancing their language and communication skills. Considering that speech, language, and communication activities are supported by the left hemisphere of the brain, then, the application of sign language serves to spur the growth of the brain in children, while increasing the level of activity in the left hemisphere. This adds the kinetic sense to the visual and the oral aspects of language acquisition, enhancing the communication and language base for children (Kelly, 2008). The application of sign language is also important for teaching children with disabilities, in that, the incorporation of movement and signs enhance the ability of such children to remember what they heard and saw, increasing their receptive and expressive abilities (Simpson & Lynch, 2007). Most paramount of the application of sign language to teach children with disabilities is that, it allows a teacher to demonstrate using signs and symbols, while the learners keep imitating this. Eventually, the teacher allows the learners to imitate the signs and the symbols using their own words, an aspect that serves to enhance their language development (Simpson & Lynch, 2007). This case was observed at Grenloch School, where teachers adopted sign language for teaching children in all subjects. This application was observed to create enthusiasm in children, as they enjoyed learning through

Fw Taylor Scientific Management Theory Business Essay

Fw Taylor Scientific Management Theory Business Essay This leadership style is about take it or leaves it, which means that the boss has the right to make decisions not the workers. In such leadership style there is always one way communication. Workers sometime feel demotivated because the managers do not benefits from the experience of their employees working in organization from a very long. Democratic There is a two way communication which means that in democratic leadership style workers are also involve in decision making because managers think that they can get new ideas from workers for the success of the business. While making quick decisions consulting staff can be a time consuming as well. Paternalistic This is leadership style where managers consult staff to make decisions but at the end managers decide what they think is the best for them. In such case workers sometime gets demotivated because they give their ideas but managers just ignore them due to which workers think that they are just a time wasters. Laisse Fair A type of leadership where managers let worker go and delegate all the authority of decision making. Workers have full rights of decision making as the managers are not even able to come up with any goal or direction and completely involve workers in decision making. Some employees sometime get lost because of a lack of direction and framework and no feedback from managers. P7 F.W Taylor Scientific Management Theory Taylor made his first attempt on workers motivation. His thoughts about workers motivation were that management should give workers proper instructions about their job to increase workers productivity. Taylors scientific approach was that select worker to perform a task, record the time taken by each worker to do each part of the task and then identify the quickest method recorded, train workers by the recorded quickest method and do not allow workers to make any changes to it, give workers a specific time period to complete their task and supervise them so that they do not exceed the given time limit and pay workers based on their performance. The result of Taylors research was that many industries adopt Taylors approach for greater profit as the approach was about increase productivity and performance related pay. Adams Equity Theory A theory which focuses on peoples feelings of how fairly they have been treated Depends on the comparisons we make with others and on how we perceive the relationship between inputs i-e time, effort, skills, experience, ideas and outputs i-e remuneration and recognition. If we think we have done better than we should have done, we may feel some tension but can bear that more easily than feeling hard done by Elton Mayo Human Relations Theory Mayo is best known for his Hawthorne effect. These were based on series of experiments conducted over five year period. Initially his work was based on the assumptions that working conditions, lighting, rest periods etc has a significant impact on workers productivity. But later on experiments were conducted which forced mayo to accept that working conditions are not important in determining productivity level as there are other motivational factors needed to improve workers productivity level. Mayo did the conclusion from his work that changes in working conditions and financial reward have little or no impact on productivity while when there is a team or group working system in industries, management consult workers, take interest in their work, give workers role in decision making can be improve productivity level. Maslow Hierarchy Theory Maslows hierarchy of needs Physiological Need These are the basic needs thus managers should give employees a proper salaries so that employees purchase the basic necessities of their life. They should give break and eating opportunities for their employees. Safety Needs These needs includes environmental, emotional and safety protection. Managers should give workers flexible contracts, health and safety at work, financial security etc to retain them. Social Needs This is about the social event for the employees and making team work system by the managers to encourage employees towards their jobs. Esteem Needs Esteem needs of employees can be fulfill by managers to reward employees and exceed their targets. Manager can give employees higher job positions in organization which helps in bringing the status of employees higher. Self Actualization Self actualization needs are the need where managers give challenges to their employees during their jobs to fully utilize employees skills and growth opportunities are also given to employees by the managers so that they reach to its highest. Hygiene Theory Hygiene needs are the needs which does not meet and cause employees to dissatisfaction. Meeting these needs does make employees satisfy but it hardly prevents them from dissatisfaction. Hygiene is a medical word which means to do something that is necessary. If the Hygiene motivation theory is present then management should not only provide hygiene factors to avoid dissatisfaction of employees but should also provide factors to the work itself for their employees to be satisfied with their jobs. Below is the table that contains factors that lead employees to satisfaction and dissatisfaction; Factors leads employees to satisfaction Factors leads employees to dissatisfaction Achievement Recognition Work Itself Responsibilities Advancement Growth Company policy Supervision Relationship with Boss Work Conditions Salaries Vroom Expectancy Theory of Motivation Vroom suggested that individuals choose to behave in ways that they believe will lead to outcomes that value. His expectancy theory states that individuals have different sets of goals and can be motivated if they believe that there is a positive link between effort and performance and favorable performance will result on a desirable reward. The reward will satisfy important needs. His expectancy theory is based on the following beliefs; Valence: The depth of the want of an employee for a reward such as money or a reward such as satisfaction. Expectancy: The degree to which people believe that putting effort into work will lead a given level of performance. Instrumentality: The confidence of an employee that he/she will actually get what they desire even if it promised by the manager. P8 Monetary Rewards It is also called financial reward system where organizations motivate employees through money. Below are some monetary reward systems; Hourly or wage rate system This is the most common way of paying and multiplies it by the wage rate so that employees collect their wages by the end of the day. A problem with this system is that workers deliberately slow down their work during the day so that they finish their work late and work as an over time. in such cases employees have no job security and incase of sickness a worker does not get paid. Piece Rate System This is given by FW Taylor which is about output related pay. Workers get paid according to their work they have done in a time period. Incase of sickness there is no money and also workers do work quickly in order to make more money due to which quality can be comprise. Salary System Salary is only given to an employee who has legal job contract. Diference in salaries of two different employees is due to the difference in their skills. Employees sometime get an increase in their salaries by the end of the year. Employees with legal contracts get paid even when an employee is sick or on vocation. Commissions Usually given to sales men and is calculated as percentage of sales that an employee make. Normally an employee gets a basic salary plus commission to motivate worker to work hard. This means that an employees income is dependent upon their work however workers do not like to work just on commission. Performance Related Pay Usually given to above average performance workers and is given to management staff. It involves the following procedures; Give workers a target to achieve in a specific time period Check workers performance at the end of the time period Pay workers according to the degree to which they meet the target. A problem with performance related pay is that can do favoritism and pay their family and friends instead someone who really deserves it. Profit sharing This is a way of paying senior management staff i-e CEO or MD. The idea behind it is to break the line and make employees apart of the owners. Usually companies share profits by giving shares, dividends, share in sales revenue, share in retained profits etc. By profit sharing companies get 100% loyalty and motivation from their employees. Non Monetary Rewards This is called non financial rewards where organizations motivate their employees not through money. They motivate employees through training, interaction and delegation and authority. Below are some non monetary reward systems; Job Rotation it is originated from Japan where organizations change the departments of their employees time after time. Job rotation does not bore make an employee get bore with his job because his jobs rotates to different departments with different jobs. Sooner the employee becomes a multi specialize person. Job Enrichment An employee stays on his post but his job scope and responsibility increases. This means an organization load an employee with more than one task. Job Enrichment Given by Herzberg involves not only allowing an employee reach to his full ability but also giving less supervision. This involves the following 3 steps; Let the worker perform a complete unit of tasks so that a worker does not get bored by doing the same job again and again. In other words do not do division of labor. Place a system where you can measure the performance of workers. Let the workers know that this hard work is being judged. Give workers task or challenges other than their routine work. Team Working Division of labor moves away team building therefore do not do division of labor and let employees join teams of their own choice. A team can choose a leader, can be given targets, and team member develop team spirits and hence workers are more productive. A common example a team building is a cell production. Experience shows that firms that encourage team building come up with more quality work. Quality Circles A quality circle is a group of friends meeting in informal manner once a week to discuss about work. Usually if new ideas comes out of a circle the is communicated to the CEO. A disadvantage of quality circle is that workers gossip and talks against each other. Target Setting When an organization sets targets then the following is obtained; They can have a starting point They can have an end point They can choose a direction They can put a time frame They can have a control mechanism They can check the performance of workers. Delegation and Empowerment When the authority is delegated to someone then it means that a person is trust worthy and a trust worthy person always maintain his trust and work hard for the success of the organization. P9 Formal Group It is a systematic grouping of workers in organization to achieve organizational goal in a best possible way. The importance of formal group working is discussed below; Importance of formal group working It helps to carry out specific tasks into different departments to deal with human resources, marketing or accounts. Groups set up from time to time to deal with particular problems i-e to discuss how the introduction of new technology might be handled. Group comes together to work on particular project of organization. Informal Group A group formed by the employees themselves having similar interest or may have something else in common. The importance of informal group working is discussed below; Importance of Informal Group Working Informal groups can improve communication and exchange of ideas for employees in organization and can make work more enjoyable. It helps to support their group members and protect them from the external authority and outside pressure. It increases the employees security and sometime it also enable work to be done more effectively. Group working also assist managers to solve problems as when they notice that any individual is involve in taking advantage of a situation which can cause problem for the group members, they just take a step to come over such situation before the manager is aware of it. Factors which Affect Individual Behavior at Work The major factors affect individual behaviors at work are Demographic factors, abilities and skill, attitude and personality. All these factors are discussed below; Demographic Demographic factor is about the background of an individual according to his, education, skill, age, nationality etc. Organization always prefer such an individual that belongs to a have high qualification, having good skills for communication, young age etc because organizations believe that such individuals are performing well for organization. Individuals belong to a good background having good and effective communication skills are always in demand by organizations. Study of demographic factors really helps managers to select a candidate for a particular job. Ability and Skills The physical power of individual to do something is call ability while skills are defined as the ability to perform in a way that allow individual to perform well. The performance of individual is highly influence by the ability and skills because with full ability and well skill can perform well for the organizations and managers always try to hire an individual that meet the required ability and skill for a specific job. Attitude It can be defined as the ability to respond favorably or unfavorably to some sort of objects or situations. Culture, organization, society has an influence in formation of attitude because employees perform in organization in the way they have their environment. Managers are bound to study variables of a specific job to create an environment for their employees so that they have a positive attitude towards their jobs. Personality it can be defined as the study of characteristics of an individual and the way in which an individual respond. There are many factors that influence in individuals personality i-e culture, society and situations etc. Every individual has difference in their manner while responding to organizational environment. Organizations need to discover about the personality of individual through learning, observation and training etc for a particular job in organization. P10 The Major Factors That Lead to Effective Teamwork Communication Effective teamwork facilitates through clear communication. Team members must follow the same line with respect to their targets and responsibilities. Effective communication is supported by the a particular methods and mediums of communication in certain circumstances and such mediums of communication can be one to one meetings, emails, group talks etc. all the team member should feel free to know about further clarification and responsibilities of job and should feel free to make any suggestion for the advancement of the team. If any conflict arises and teams engage to overcome, they only way to overcome such conflict is to have effective communication instead of solving the issue in gossip. Leadership Leadership plays an important role in leading an effective teamwork. Managers should support all the team members by making them feel as they all work to their highest potential. They should encourage the team members to speak during team meetings to coordinate the efforts of the team members. By doing so motivation arises from managers for the team members and the team members feel as they are also part of the organization and perform with their full potential for the success of the organization. Team Building Exercises Shared experiences and practices also play an important role in developing an effective teamwork. By the introduction of new technology some team member will not see each other without making appoint. Team building exercises target to improve specific aspects of team such as communication and creativity. Games are the effective way to make the entire team member together to improve their relationship and promote their understanding of interest, strength and weaknesses etc. Factors that Threaten Teams Success Motivation Motivation is about to encourage workers to increase productivity and to improve their performance. If there is no concept of motivation in organization and teams do not have any rights to give any suggestion for the success of the business then teams will get demotivated and will promote their teams towards success. Leadership Leadership can be a threat for the teams success in such a manner that if there is an autocratic leadership style in organization and all the rights are with the managers not with the team workers, in any organization where the team workers do not have the right find any solution for the minor issue arise while they are working and are bound to ask for the upper level manager for any conflict then the team will not last for longer and their team development will come to stop at that point. Advancement in the new technology With the introduction of new technology team members of some organizations do not have the ability to operate with it and the team members need to have a proper on the job and off the job training. If organization fails to provide training program for their team to get use of the new technology this will be the serious threat for the success of the teams. P11 Impact of Technology on Communication and Information Technology Technology has increased the speed of communication between office workers, communication with suppliers, banks, and even with customers. Technology came up with computers, internet and intranet which made communication easy and faster. Team workers communicate with each other for achieving their team task through emails. Every team has a team leader and the leader passes the information to the rest of the team members. Email made it very easy for the team workers to communicate each other as whenever the team leader has any task for the rest of the member the leader put all the information in email and send a loop email to all the members. The advantage of the loop email is that all the members will receive the same email with the same information not everyone will get separate email. Inside the organization employees communicate each other through intranet which a good source of communication to communicate from one department to another. Intranet is normally use in every organizat ion having lots of different departments where it is very difficult to walk each department to pass any authority but technology made it very easy due to which every department is now link with each other and whatever information is needed to pass can be done quickly from any department without walking to other department. M3 Bill Gates Bill Gates was born on 28th October 1955 in Seattle, Washington. He belongs to a family of entrepreneurship. He had an interest in software. Bill Gates was co founder, chairmen and chief executive officer of Microsoft. Bill gates became a student at Harvard University in1973. He is also known as the richest person of the world. In 1975 he left Harvard to form Microsoft with his friend Paul Allen to develop software for the new personal computer market. Characteristics of Bill Gates Bill Gates was very smart and intelligent person because he skip math that is because he scored 1590 out of 1600 on SAT. He was a brave one because when he was to lose lots of profit from Microsoft he went to court to fight against IBM and finally won against IBM. Bill Gates is very serious of what he does. Whatever he used to start he did not do anything else until he is done with the first one even if it takes him a longer time. He is able to a successful entrepreneurship for many years till now due to which he is known as the worlds successful entrepreneur. He is a hard worker and self confident person that helped him to achieve everything and is one of the ideal personalities of the world. He believes that if you are intelligent and confident from your childhood you can achieve anything, all such qualities took him to a top position in his chosen professional. Microsoft was his vision that a computer on every disk and every computer with Microsoft software. His basic vision was also that even every house hold must have computer with Microsoft software. When Bill Gates was a student every student wanted to graduate as successful. Bill Gates stop studying and started writing software for computer, his passion about coding, technology and software made his the richest person. Leadership Style of Bill Gates Bill Gates has directive and participative leadership style he specifies that what needs to be done to achieve productivity. He Believe that a task should be planed and organized so that he or she receive a proper guidance about their job. If a task is not clear then still a directive leader is there to clarify the task. He is very participative and involves his potential employees in decision making to get useful ideas from them for the success of the business. Steve Jobs Steve Jobs was born on 24th February 1955 in San Francisco. He was co founder and CEO of Apple. Jobs used to be in garages of his neighborhood working on electronic on weekends and this shaped his interest in the field where he grew. When jobs reach college age he requested his parents to get enroll in Reed college one of expensive college in Oregon where he just spent a time of one semester and then dropped out. During 1980 Jobs developed Mac operating system for Next Computer Company but it was actually owned by Apple due to which Mac was realized by Apple in 1990. Characteristics of Steve Jobs Steve Jobs was also a very confident and intelligent as Bill Gates. As he was interested in the field of electronic and grew in that field as well, he brought all his efforts and experience into practice and came up with new developments for the new generation i-e he came up with Mac operating system and other electronic devices. He was a leader as he knows the best, he was not in favor of involving other in his decisions. His had an autocratic leadership style due to which employees were demotivated because they had no rights over the business. Steve Jobs was a hard worker and he would not let go of a problem until it was solved and once the first problem was solver he used to move to the next one. He had enough knowledge of what is going on with the product because he wanted Apple to be the great one. Whatever he was building was the most beautiful product. His aim was to come up with beautiful products to market and make lots of money from it. Leadership Style of Steve Jobs Steve Jobs had an autocratic leadership style, he kept all the rights to himself and did not use others ideas. His policy was that employees were not involves in decision making. Analyze Bill Gates and Steve Jobs Both the leaders were successful leaders. Bill Gates wanted to make computers and Microsoft software more popular among people and wanted to see computer along with Microsoft software everywhere. Bill Gates is an intelligent leader and has directive or participative leadership style while Steve Jobs had an autocratic leadership style which was not as good as compare to Bill Gates leadership style because the leadership style use by Bill Gates is also the way of motivating employees giving them rights in decision making while people criticized on the leadership of Steve Jobs where employees felt that they are not part of the company because Steve Jobs wanted employees to be far from the decision making. By the comparison of Bill Gates and Steve Jobs the policy applied by Bill Gates is the best one according to the motivation of employees. M4

Inflation and Government Economic Policies Essay

Inflation is described as the process by which prices are continuously rising or the value of money continuously decreases (Consumer Price Index Frequently Asked Questions, 2013). As the definition explains, this is not something that would be desirable for the government or its citizens. For example, Germany during the 1920’s experienced a period of hyperinflation. Germans literally had to carry wheel barrels of money to buy groceries. The price of a loaf of bread rose from around 200 Marks to over 200,000,000,000 Marks. Inflation is measured in several ways including Consumer Price Index, Producer Price Index, Employment Cost Index, Gross Domestic Product Deflator, and several other methods (Consumer Price Index Frequently Asked Questions, 2013). Inflation can be caused when the demand of goods and services cannot be met. Since demand cannot be fulfilled, manufacturers can increase the price of goods, thus causing inflation. Inflation can also be caused when there is too much money in circulation. Money can lose its value if everyone has too much of it. In order to try to control inflation, the government can regulate fiscal policies. Employees’ wages can play a big role in inflation. If everyone is making a lot of money, then prices can increase. Lower incomes actually help governments avoid inflation. Another method of regulating/manipulating inflation is by controlling aggregate demand, the number of goods and services requested at the given price point. Aggregate demand can be altered by either imposing taxes or decreasing and restricting government spending. According to BLS.gov, CPI, or Consumer Price Index, is the means by which we measure change in prices urban consumers pay for goods and services in the market basket. This measures what consumers pay on a daily basis for goods and services. Since 2000, CPI has been increasing. CPI can change due to shifts in population or buying habits of consumers. If the economy is up, people will most likely spend more money, and inversely if the economy is  down, consumers will spend less. New trends in technology or even fads can also change CPI. If consumers are influenced by media on alternatives to goods and services that buy and use, this too causes changes in CPI. CPI directly impacts the economy because it is used to determine the amount of government assisted people can be given such as Medicaid benefits and Social Security Benefits. The graph below shows the changes over time since January 2000 to January 2014 (Consumer Price Index – Chained Consumer Price Index, 2014). CPI from January 2000-January 2014 PPI, or Producer Price Index, measures the changed by which producers sell their products (Producer Price Indexes, n.d.). This measures inflation at the beginning stages, ground level, from the manufacturers’ standpoint. Since 2000, PPI like CPI has also increased. Both of these measurements go hand in hand, as the price the manufacturers’/producers charge for their goods and services increases, the amount consumers are paying for these said items also increases. The difference between the two however can include taxes imposed on both producers and/or consumers alike. PPI can be used to determine at what point prices need to escalate. The following graph shows changes in PPI since 2000 (Producer Price Index-Commodities, 2014). PPI from the Year 2000 to the Year 2014 Consumer Expenditure Survey, CE, is defined by BLS.gov as the â€Å"program consists of two surveys, the Quarterly Interview Survey and the Diary Survey, that provide information on the buying habits of American consumers, including data on their expenditures, income, and consumer unit (families and single consumers) characteristics. The survey data are collected for the Bureau of Labor Statistics by the U.S. Census Bureau†. CE has also been increasing since 2000 to present day. CE is pivotal to government fiscal policies because it is the only measurements that shows us not only the amount of money consumers earn and spend, but also consumers spending habits  and trends that we observe. CE is used by policymakers to study the effects of their policies on economic groups and by the Census Bureau to determine Supplemental Poverty Measurements, Like CPI, new technology greatly impacts CE. In the 1980’s, spending on computers and hardware were not as prominent as they are now. According to BLS.gov, changes in internet services and cellphones were also not as prominent in the 1980’s (The Consumer Expenditure Survey—30 Years as a Continuous Survey, 2010). Increases in income and the amount of money consumers spend change CE. The graph below shows these changes (Consumer Expenditure Survey, 2014). Consumer Expenditure Survey 2000-2012 Throughout the last fourteen years, the different units of measurement use to determine inflation have all increased. As the standard and cost of living increases, and as minimum wage continues to increase, all of these units will also increase. This has helped to prevent inflation and hyperinflation. If the prices of goods increase while the income people are bringing in stays the same, this would lead to inflation. As income decreased in 2008-2009, the CPI, PPI, and CE also decreased. The more money we are circulating, the more producers’ will be able to increase the price of goods and services, and the more consumers are going to pay for them. This cycle will continue to grow exponentially. As I stated earlier, there are different methods and fiscal policies governments can implement to avoid inflation. Like Keynesian economics, some of which are based around limiting and controlling government spending. References Consumer Expenditure Survey. Retrieved August 20, 2014 from http://www.bls.gov/cex/ Consumer Expenditure Survey. Retrieved August 20, 2014 from http://data.bls.gov/pdq/SurveyOutputServlet The Consumer Expenditure Survey—30 Years as a Continuous Survey. Retrieved August 20, 2014 from http://www.bls.gov/cex/ceturnsthirty.htm Consumer Price Index – Chained Consumer Price Index. (August 19, 2014). Retrieved August 19, 2014 from http://data.bls.gov/pdq/SurveyOutputServlet Consumer Price Index Frequently Asked Questions. (August 15, 2013). Retrieved August 19, 2014, from http://www.bls.gov/cpi/cpifaq.htm#Question_1 Producer Price Index-Commodities. (August 19, 2014). Retrieved August 19, 2014 from http://data.bls.gov/pdq/SurveyOutputServlet Producer Price Indexes. Retrieved August 19, 2014 from http://www.bls.gov/ppi/

The Internet – Pros and Cons

In the age of the technological development nobody who moves with the times can imagine existing without the Internet. However, its popularity makes us bear in mind all its side effects. Many argue that the Internet is a treasury of information while the others find it as a source of misleading information and danger. So, is the Internet a force for good or a force for evil? Firstly, the Internet is an invaluable tool which helps students learn. Without any effort we can gain an access to the study aids.Furthermore, we can save time avoiding queues thanks to a large selection of online stores, which is particularly important for the disabled. Moreover, the Internet gives an opportunity to get in touch with new people from all over the world and keep in touch with the loved ones. However the Internet cannot be always shown in favourable light. First and foremost, the Internet is incredibly addictive – surfers are often not able to bear without checking their mail hundreds of ti mes per day.Moreover, unlimited possibilities of communication with surfers cause losing an active social life in the real world. Lastly, inappropriate information as even pornography await under-age users at every turn. To sum up, there are many advantages and disadvantages of the Internet. Some people say the Internet has ruined our lives but in my opinion it transformed the world for the better. Although the Internet may be dangerous, it is a great invention and a window to the world.

The Importance of Teacher Tenure in Public Schools Essay...

Most would ask, What exactly is teacher tenure?. Well, in short teacher tenure is a permanent job contract for school teachers. Teachers can earn tenure by proving their teaching skills over a specific number of years while working at the same school. In most cases the number of years a teacher must work at the same school is anywhere from two to seven years. After receiving tenure a teacher cannot lose his or her job without just cause, for example obvious incompetence or severe misconduct. Tenure offers job security to teachers that have successfully completed their probational period of teaching. (Heard) So the questions is, should teacher tenure be abolished in public schools? Ones answer should be no. Teacher tenure is†¦show more content†¦Think of it this way, experience is important. Tenure is one way to reward experience. Some argue that tenure allows bad teachers to stay in the classroom. Teachers that are just there to put in their time and dont really car e about the students themselves. They feel that granting teachers tenure encourages them to become complacent about their jobs. â€Å"Tenures are something that can be beneficial to students, as well. By providing job security, teachers can concentrate on teaching, instead of worrying about overly obsessed parents coming after them. Take for instance, a parent getting a coach fired because they did not give their son or daughter enough play time on the court. There is the classic scenario of parents that will look for a teachers flaws in teaching before they look for flaws in their child as a student.†(Sharifi) The bottom line is that tenure is a complex issue, most do not understand what it is or how it works. Tenure policies vary from state to state, so its not surprising that most are not really famililar with it. Also it only effects a small number of the population. 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